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Overview
A flaw in the firmware-upload error-handling logic of the TOTOLINK EX200 extender can cause the device to unintentionally start an unauthenticated root-level telnet service. This condition may allow a remote authenticated attacker to gain full system access.
Description
In the End-of-Life (EoL) TOTOLINK EX200 firmware, the firmware-upload handler enters an abnormal error state when processing certain malformed firmware files. When this occurs, the device launches a telnet service running with root privileges and does not require authentication. Because the telnet interface is normally disabled and not intended to be exposed, this behavior creates an unintended remote administration interface.
To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must already be authenticated to the web management interface to access the firmware-upload functionality. Once the error condition is triggered, the resulting unauthenticated telnet service provides full control of the device.
CVE-2025-65606
An authenticated attacker can trigger an error condition in the firmware-upload handler that causes the device to start an unauthenticated root telnet service, granting full system access.
Impact
A remote authenticated attacker may be able to activate a root telnet service and subsequently take complete control of the device. This may lead to configuration manipulation, arbitrary command execution, or establishing a persistent foothold on the network.
Solution
TOTOLINK has not released an update addressing this issue, and the product is no longer maintained. Users should restrict administrative access to trusted networks, prevent untrusted users from accessing the management interface, monitor for unexpected telnet activity, and plan to replace the vulnerable device.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the reporter Leandro Kogan for bringing this to our attention. This document was written by Timur Snoke.

Overview
A vulnerability in the Forcepoint One DLP Client allows bypass of the vendor-implemented Python restrictions designed to prevent arbitrary code execution. By reconstructing the ctypes FFI environment and applying a version-header patch to the ctypes.pyd module, an attacker can restore ctypes functionality within the bundled Python 2.5.4 runtime, enabling direct invocation of DLLs, memory manipulation, and execution of arbitrary code.
Description
The Forcepoint One DLP Client (version 23.04.5642 and potentially subsequent versions) shipped with a constrained Python 2.5.4 runtime that omitted the ctypes foreign function interface (FFI) library. Although this limitation appeared intended to mitigate malicious use, it was demonstrated that the restriction could be bypassed by transferring compiled ctypes dependencies from another system and applying a version-header patch to the ctypes.pyd module. Once patched and correctly positioned on the search path, the previously restrained Python environment would successfully load ctypes, permitting execution of arbitrary shellcode or DLL-based payloads.
Forcepoint acknowledged the issue and indicated that a fix would be included in an upcoming release. According to the Forcepoint’s published knowledge base article (KB 000042256), the vulnerable Python runtime has been removed from Forcepoint One Endpoint (F1E) builds after version 23.11 associated with Forcepoint DLP v10.2.
Impact
Arbitrary code execution within the DLP client may allow an attacker to interfere with or bypass data loss prevention enforcement, alter client behavior, or disable security monitoring functions. Because the client operates as a security control on enterprise endpoints, exploitation may reduce the effectiveness of DLP protections and weaken overall system security.
The complete scope of impact in enterprise environments has not been fully determined.
Solution
Forcepoint reports that the vulnerable Python runtime has been removed in Endpoint builds after version 23.11 (Forcepoint DLP v10.2).
Users should upgrade to Endpoint versions which have been validated to no longer contain python.exe.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the reporter, Keith Lee.
This document was written by Timur Snoke.

Overview
A newly identified vulnerability in some UEFI-supported motherboard models leaves systems vulnerable to early-boot DMA attacks across architectures that implement UEFI and IOMMU. Although the firmware indicates that DMA protection is active, it fails to correctly initialize the IOMMU. Therefore, a malicious PCIe device with physical access can read or modify system memory before the operating system’s defenses load. This exposes sensitive data and enables pre-boot code injection on affected systems running unpatched firmware.
Description
Modern systems rely on UEFI firmware and the Input–Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) to establish a secure foundation before the operating system loads. UEFI initializes hardware and enforces early security policies while the IOMMU restricts peripheral devices from performing unauthorized memory accesses. Together, these components help ensure that direct memory access (DMA)-capable devices cannot tamper with or inspect system memory during the critical pre-boot phase.
A vulnerability discovered in certain UEFI implementations arises from a discrepancy between reported and actual DMA protection. Even though firmware asserts that DMA protections are active, it fails to properly configure and enable the IOMMU during the early hand-off phase in the boot sequence. This gap allows a malicious DMA-capable Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) device with physical access to read or modify system memory before operating system-level safeguards are established. As a result, attackers could potentially access sensitive data in memory or influence the initial state of the system, thus undermining the integrity of the boot process.
Vendors whose products are affected have begun releasing firmware updates to correct the IOMMU initialization sequence and properly enforce DMA protections throughout boot. Users and administrators should apply these updates as soon as they become available to ensure their systems are not exposed to this class of pre-boot DMA attacks. In environments where physical access cannot be fully controlled or relied on, prompt patching and adherence to hardware security best practices are especially important. Because the IOMMU also plays a foundational role in isolation and trust delegation in virtualized and cloud environments, this flaw highlights the importance of ensuring correct firmware configuration even on systems not typically used in data centers.
Impact
Improper IOMMU initialization in UEFI firmware on some UEFI-based motherboards from multiple vendors allows a physically present attacker using a DMA-capable PCIe device to bypass early-boot memory protection. The attacker could access or alter system memory via DMA transactions processed before the operating system enables its security controls.
Solution
Users and administrators should apply the latest firmware updates as soon as they become available as these patches correct the IOMMU initialization issue and restore proper DMA protections during early boot. Because multiple vendors are affected and updates are being released on varying timelines, customers should regularly monitor the Vendor Information section for newly published advisories and updated firmware packages. Environments where physical access is difficult to control should prioritize patching promptly to reduce exposure to pre-boot DMA attacks.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to reporter Nick Peterson and Mohamed Al-Sharifi of Riot Games for identifying this issue and working with vendor teams and the Taiwanese CERT to coordinate the response and reach affected product vendors. This document was written by Vijay Sarvepalli.

Overview
Vulnerabilities have been identified in Siemens Gridscale X Prepay that allows unauthenticated username enumeration and enables an attacker to bypass account lock functionality. These issues may permit unauthorized access or prolonged access to protected resources, even after an account has been administratively locked.
Description
Siemens Gridscale X Prepay is a scalable energy management solution for utilities, integrating smart meters and customer payment options. The related vulnerabilities increase the risk of unauthorized actions, data exposure, or misuse of sensitive organizational resources.
CVE-2025-40806 Unauthenticated username enumeration. An attacker may determine the validity of usernames by a response code, allowing the attacker to determine whether a username is valid before authentication occurs. This exposure can facilitate targeted attacks by allowing an adversary to identify valid accounts before attempting further compromise.
CVE-2025-40807 Account lock bypass. An attacker can bypass the intended account lock protection by replaying or modifying previously captured valid responses. The issue appears related to session tokens that remain valid after logout or after an administrative account lock. Because these tokens do not expire immediately, an attacker with access to previously captured network responses can continue access the system despite the account being locked. This scenario is particularly concerning when the attacker is a former employee, insider, or anyone with prior authenticated access who may have retained network captured data or sessions artifacts.
Impact
The complete impact of this vulnerability is not yet known.
Solution
Siemens has released a new version of the Gridscale X Prepay and for version 4.2.1 and below, it is recommended to install the provided security update using the appropriates tools and procedures supplied with the product. Before deployment, all updates should be validated, and installed under the supervision of personnel with approved access within the target environment.
As a general security practice, Siemens also advises protecting network access with suitable controls such as firewalls, network segmentation, and VPNs. Systems should be configured in accordance with Siemens’ operational guidelines to ensure that the devices operate within a secure IT environment.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to the reporter, Kira The Raven Security. This document was written by Michael Bragg.

Overview
An unauthenticated HTTP request can enable telnet which may lead to remote code execution with root-level privileges.
Description
TOTOLINK manufactures routers and other networking equipment designed for small businesses and home implementations. The AX1800 routers are popular with users connecting multiple internet-capable devices.
The TOTOLINK AX1800 routers are missing authentication in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi?action=telnet endpoint may result in arbitrary command execution at the administrative level. This vulnerability is being tracked by CVE-2025-13184.
Impact
The impact options include full access to configuration and filesystems. This level of access would provide an attacker the capability to modify routing DNS routing, intercept traffic, and achieve lateral movement across the local area network. There is a potential for wide area (WAN) network access if router management or telnet becomes externally reachable.
Solution
The CERT/CC is currently unaware of a practical solution to this problem. For complete remediation, a firmware update is necessary.
Mitigation Suggestions

Ensure the web management interface is not exposed to the WAN or any untrusted network. Restrict access to the administrative interface to trusted management hosts only.

Treat the X5000R router as untrusted from a security boundary point of view. Where possible, place it behind a separate firewall or router and avoid using it as the primary edge device.

Block or monitor unexpected traffic to telnet (TCP port 23) on the device. The sudden appearance of an open telnet service on the router is a strong indicator of exploitation.

Acknowledgements
Thanks to the reporter, HackingByDoing. This document was written by Laurie Tyzenhaus.

Overview
PCI Express Integrity and Data Encryption (PCIe IDE), introduced in the PCIe 6.0 standard, provides link-level encryption and integrity protection for data transferred across PCIe connections. Several issues were identified in the IDE specification that could allow an attacker with local access to influence data consumed on the link. The PCIe 6.0 IDE Erratum provides corrective guidance, and firmware and hardware updates are expected to address these concerns.
Description
IDE uses AES-GCM encryption to protect confidentiality, integrity, and replay resistance for traffic between PCIe components. It operates between the transaction layer and the data link layer, providing protection close to the hardware against unauthorized modification of link traffic.
Three specification-level vulnerabilities can, under certain conditions, result in consumption of stale or incorrect data if an attacker is able to craft specific traffic patterns at the PCIe interface:

CVE-2025-9612 – A missing integrity check on a receiving port may allow re-ordering of PCIe traffic, leading the receiver to process stale data.
CVE-2025-9613 – Incomplete flushing of a completion timeout may allow a receiver to accept incorrect data when an attacker injects a packet with a matching tag.
CVE-2025-9614 – Incomplete flushing or re-keying of an IDE stream may result in the receiver consuming stale incorrect data packets.

The PCI-SIG has issued a Draft Engineering Change Notice (D-ECN) titled “IDE TLP Reordering Enhancement” to the Base Specification Rev 7.0. The D-ECN feature will be included in upcoming PCI specifications (Base 6.5 and 7.1) and can also be used in current Base 5.x systems through standard compliance procedures. Hardware and firmware vendors that support PCIe 5.0 IDE should apply these corrections and incorporate the updated test procedures to ensure their implementations are compliant. Because IDE operates at the link layer, operating systems and applications may not detect these conditions directly. Timely firmware distribution through normal supply-chain channels is recommended.
Impact
An attacker with physical or low-level access to the PCIe IDE interface may be able to craft packets that cause the receiver to accept stale or corrupted data, affecting the integrity of the protected link.
Solution
Manufacturers should follow the updated PCIe 6.0 standard and apply the Erratum #1 guidance to their IDE implementations. End users should apply firmware updates provided by their system or component suppliers, especially in environments that rely on IDE to protect sensitive data.
Acknowledgements
These issues were reported by Arie Aharon, Makaram Raghunandan, Scott Constable, and Shalini Sharma to follow proper disclosure procedure. Coordination support was actively provided by Intel and PCI-SIG members. This document was prepared by Vijay Sarvepalli.

Overview
Duc, an open-source disk management tool, contains a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability allowing for out-of-bounds memory read. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability through malformed input data, and can cause the tool to either crash or cause it to disclose portions of memory that should remain inaccessible. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-13654, has been patched in version 1.4.6 of Duc. In an enterprise situation, disk indexing tools that use Duc may be susceptible to crashes, data exposure, or other abnormal behavior if they process attacker-controlled input.
Description
Duc is an open-source disk management tool. It can be used to index, inspect and visualize disk usage. Duc is intended for Linux operating systems. The tool maintains a database of files it indexes, and can be used to query said files, or create graphs to detail where the files are.
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability has been discovered, tracked as CVE-2025-13654, within Duc. An attacker who can supply crafted input to the tool may trigger an out-of-bounds read, leading to a crash or unintended disclosure of adjacent stack data.
In the Duc software library, the code in buffer.c contains a function called buffer_get. Its length check uses unsigned subtraction, which can wrap on crafted input and result in memcpy() performing an out-of-bounds read.
Impact
An attacker able to send input data to a database or other input stream that uses Duc could cause a crash or information leak.
Solution
Version 1.4.6 of Duc, released on GitHub. Users should update to the latest version ASAP. All versions prior to 1.4.6 are considered to be affected.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the reporter, HackingByDoing (hackingbydoing@proton.me). This document was written by Christopher Cullen.

Overview
nopCommerce, an ecommerce platform, fails to invalidate session cookies upon user logout or session termination, enabling attackers to use the captured cookie to gain access to the application. This vulnerability is extremely similar to CVE-2019-7215. The session cookie can be obtained through XSS, network interception, or a local compromise, and can then be re-used even after the user has logged out. Session hijack attacks have been widely observed for many years, and have been used in ransomware and cryptocurrency theft attacks. Malicious attackers are also known to sell this type of session data online after device compromise.
Description
nopCommerce is an open-source ecommerce platform. The platform is based on ASP.NET core and uses MS SQL 2012 as the backend. The platform is used by a variety of companies, including Microsoft, Volvo, and BMW. nopCommerce is intended for usage within various website stores, and works across shipping APIs, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and also offers a login feature for users to save their cart.
A vulnerability has been discovered within the login feature, as it does not invalidate session cookies following user logout or session termination. This vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2025-11699. The vulnerability description is as follows:

nopCommerce v4.70 and prior, and version 4.80.3, does not invalidate session cookies after logout or session termination, allowing an attacker who has a a valid session cookie access to privileged endpoints (such as /admin) even after the legitimate user has logged out, enabling session hijacking. Any version above 4.70 that is not 4.80.3 fixes the vulnerability.

Attackers have been known to exploit these types of vulnerabilities for numerous reasons. Session cookies and session ID information has been sold on underground forums post device compromise for other attackers to leverage in attacks, and have also been used in ransomware and cryptocurrency theft attacks.
Impact
The theft and re-use of a session cookie by an attacker could result in financial or ransomware attacks by an attacker.
Solution
Version 4.70 and after, with the exception of 4.80.3, fixes the vulnerability put forth by CVE-2025-11699. Users on version 4.80.3, or any version of nopCommerce prior to version 4.70, should update to the latest version, 4.90.3, as soon as possible.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the reporter, Beatriz Fresno Naumova (beafn28).This document was written by Christopher Cullen.